[Illustrations, footnotes and references available in PDF version]
Excerpts:
The Climate is a heat engine. Energy input is mainly short wave radiation from the sun. Energy output is mainly long wave radiation from every surface on the earth and from every level in the atmosphere, including clouds and aerosols.
The density of the atmosphere falls with height from reduced gravity and it cools adiabatically. This fall of temperature with height is called the Lapse Rate. The return of latent heat by clouds causes a decrease in this rate. In addition, there are effects from convection, radiation loss and latitude. Figure 2 shows only the adiabatic and moisture effects.
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The surface of the earth and every level of the atmosphere radiates energy according to the Stefan Boltzmann Law, dependent on emissivity multiplied by the fourth power of the absolute temperature. The lapse rate means that the radiated energy from the atmosphere falls very rapidly with height, so that most of it comes from close to the surface.
Radiation from the surface is upwards, but from the atmosphere it is in all directions, so that half of this radiated energy returns to the surface. By land, the amount returned depends on local albedo, but there is evidence that this is very low over the ocean where most is reflected.
PART 2 — THE UNREAL CLIMATE
An alternative view of the climate has recently arisen from the environmental movement, which believes human activity can be shown to cause all changes in the climate – natural causes being merely responsible for “variability”.
As there was no evidence to support this theory, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established by the World Meteorological Organisation and The United Nations Environment Programme in 1988 to assess scientific evidence and formulate response programmes. It has supplied four major Reports and several minor ones, and is currently engaged on its fifth Report.
THE UNREAL GREENHOUSE: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
The unreal Climate theory is referred to as “The Greenhouse Effect”. It is based on a false theory of the action of a greenhouse by Fourier, who speculated that a greenhouse was heated by reflection of infrared radiation from the soil from the glass of the greenhouse. This false theory is used to justify a similar behaviour in the atmosphere.
Fourier1-10 (1768-1839) made major contributions to the theory of heat flow in solids and to the mathematical simulation of irregular behaviour, but he lived before the discoveries of the mechanical equivalent of heat and the nature of radiation in the later part of the nineteen century.
He believed the earth was heated by the ether but needed extra heat to explain the difference between the tropics and the poles.His friend de Saussure11,12 had invented a Hot Box which was a small insulated greenhouse which could be heated by the sun’s rays. Fourier4,6,7thought that when the sun’s rays were changed into non-luminous heat (infrared) when they meet the surface, the infrared rays could not leave the hot box because they were unable to pass through the glass window the box, and so were concentrated inside the box....
The First IPCC Report 35 (1990) presented what it called “the Greenhouse Effect” in this simplified diagram on page XIV of the Policymakers Summary.
This model has hardly anything in common with the Real Climate.
Its assumptions include the following:
The earth is flat.
The earth does not rotate.
The sun shines all day and all night with equal intensity.
Energy interchange in the climate is entirely by radiation.
Conduction, convection and latent heat transfer do not happen.
Energy flow parameters are constants with no variability.
Energy flow is "balanced" with input equal to output.
Air movements, wind, rain, hurricanes are ignored.
Chaos has been abolished.
Change in this system is entirely caused by increasing human-induced trace gases in the
atmosphere.
The earth is dead: there are no living organisms, no trees, animals, birds or people.
The energy imbalance of the earth is probably positive, but also extremely uncertain, so that the IPCC Climate model, as shown by Figure7 and also by the recent update (Figure 8), is quite incapable of giving guidance on the possible role of greenhouse gases in modifying the climate.
Kevin Trenberth himself has correctly summarized the situation with the remark he made amongst the Climategate Emails; that the models are a “Travesty”.
On Oct 14, 2009, at 10:17 AM, Kevin Trenberth wrote:
“Hi Tom How come you do not agree with a statement that says we are nowhere close to knowing where energy is going or whether clouds are changing to make the planet brighter. We are not close to balancing the energy budget. The fact that we can not account for what is happening in the climate system makes any consideration of geoengineering quite hopeless as we will never be able to tell if it is successful or not! It is a travesty! Kevin”
Who could disagree with him?
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